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What is Paleomagnetism and Geomagnetism? Complete Notes for UPSC with Wegener's Theory & Evidence Paleomagnetism and Geomagnetism Paleomagnetism and Geomagnetism deal with the study of Earth's magnetic field and the presence of magnetic direction and dip in the fossilized rocks (solid rock) because both the direction and the dip give an idea of magnetic properties of the earth as well as the drifting of the continents. Magnetic Direction in Rocks The direction of metallic minerals in the rocks reveals the direction of the magnetic field whenever the rocks were formed. Since the magnetic field keeps on shifting and the south pole of the rocks gets attracted towards the geographical North Pole , we can understand the shifting of the continents . Magnetic Dip and Intensity The dip or angle tells about the strength or the intensity of the magnetic field. Since the intensity is greatest at the poles, t...

Interior of the Earth The study of Earth's interior structure has evolved from early theories like Sir Eduard Suess's three-layer model to modern understanding based on seismic wave analysis and other scientific methods. Sir Suess proposed an early model of Earth's interior divided into three distinct layers: - SIAL - SIMA - NIFE SIAL Layer → It is dominated by Silica and Aluminium . → Average density is 2.7 gm/cm³ . → Thickness is 30 to 50 km over continent & 0 to 5 km over ocean . → Continental crust is made up of SIAL and it is dominated by Granitic rocks . SIMA → Made up of denser material, having average density of 3.0 gm/cm³ . → Heavy minerals such as iron and magnesium . → It forms oceanic crust and has dominance of Basaltic rocks . NIFE → It is most dense layer which forms core. → Average density is 11 gm/cm³ . → Domina...

Hierarchy of Landforms - Salisbury's Classification The search for geography as a systematic science resulted in simplification which in geomorphology was done by Salisbury. He classified landforms into a hierarchical order based on their scale and formation processes. SALISBURY'S CLASSIFICATION OF LANDFORMS Salisbury classified the landform into: 1. Relief Features of 1st Order This includes two major features Continental Platforms and Ocean Basins . The first order relief features are stable in the geological history of the earth, though there are some small scale changes in their forms, boundaries and geographical location. 2. 2nd Order of Relief Feature 2nd order relief features are superimposed on the 1st order relief features. Some of the examples are Mountains, Plateau, Plains on the continental landmass and mid oceanic ridges, sea-mounts are present on the ocean basins. The 2nd order relief ...

Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes shaping the Earth’s surface, with early ideas developed by Greek and Roman geographers. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHERS Herodotus Herodotus is remembered for his geographical observation, through his statement such as "Egypt is gift of Nile" . Thus, he could attribute the erosion of river Nile in the initial stage which resulted into the deposition of silt and sediment in Egypt. Aristotle Aristotle talked about the origin of springs and explained the formation of the springs which he believed was formed due to the percolation of rainwater . Aristotle also recognised that earthquakes and volcanoes are closely related in origin. Strabo Strabo noted the changes in the landforms which was rise and fall of the sea level . He also recognised that the deltas are due to river erosion . He also wrote extensiv...

UPSC Prelims 2024 (PYQs) UPSC Prelims 2024 (PYQs) on Indian Polity cover important topics such as Parliament procedures, powers of the Speaker, Bills and law-making process, writs, Scheduled Tribes, Budget process, Constitutional amendments, North Eastern Council, Delimitation Commission, Constitutional provisions, Union and State Lists, Fundamental Rights, defence administration, and political parties. These questions help students understand how UPSC asks questions from Polity and improve their basic concepts.These questions are highly useful for the preparation of UPSC CSE, CAPF-AC, CDS, State PCS and other competitive examinations. Prepared by Study Indepth | UPSC • CAPF-AC • CDS Preparation UPSC Prelims 2024 (PYQs) - Indian Polity 1. With reference to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, consider the following statements: UPSC 2024 While any resolution for the removal of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is under consideration 1. He/She shall no...

UPSC Prelims PYQs - Indian Polity UPSC Prelims PYQs on Indian Polity (Topic-wise) Topic-wise UPSC Prelims PYQs on Indian Polity covering Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35), Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), and Fundamental Duties . The questions include important areas such as writs, judicial custody, constitutional remedies, reservation, and Rule of Law. Highly useful for UPSC CSE, CAPF-AC, CDS, State PCS and other competitive examinations. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Prepared by Study Indepth | UPSC • CAPF-AC • CDS Preparation 1. Consider the following statements: UPSC 2023 Statement-I: The Supreme Court of India has held in some judgments that the reservation policies made under Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India would be limited by Article 335 for maintenance of efficiency of administration. Statement-II: Article 335 of the Constitution of India defines the term 'efficiency of administration...