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Sources of the Constitution — Quick Revision Notes Study Indepth Study Indepth 2025-09-16 2025-09-16 The Indian Constitution is inspired by several world constitutions and historical documents. Its makers borrowed the best provisions suited to Indian needs. These quick notes summarise key sources like the Government of India Act 1935, British, U.S., Irish, Canadian, Australian, and other constitutions for UPSC and other exam revision. Government of India Act, 1935 Federal scheme Office of Governor Judiciary Emergency provisions Administrative details Public Service Commission British Constitution Parliamentary form of government Rule of law Legislative procedure Single citizenship Cabinet system Prerogative writs, Parliamentary privileg...

In an era where global diplomacy often feels fragmented and polarized, one leader's consistent ability to build bridges across continents stands out remarkably. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's unprecedented collection of international civilian honors in 2025 tells a compelling story not just of personal recognition, but of India's meteoric rise as a respected global power broker. 🌍 Complete List of PM Modi's 2025 International Awards Country Award Name Date (2025) Special Significance 🇧🇷 Brazil Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross July 8 BRICS leadership recognition 🇳🇦 Namibia Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis July...

Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar Resigns – Simple Notes for Students Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar Resigns India’s Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned from his post on 21 July 2025 because of health reasons . His resignation was given to the President of India under Article 67(a) of the Constitution and was accepted on 22 July 2025 . Shri Dhankhar was the 14th Vice-President of India and served from 11 August 2022 to 21 July 2025. Earlier, he was the Governor of West Bengal (2019–2022) . He became only the third Vice-President in Indian history to resign before completing his term. The other two were: V.V. Giri (1969) – resigned to contest the Presidential election R. Venkataraman (1987) – resigned to contest the Presidential election Eligibility for Vice-President Must be Indian citizen At least 35 years old Qualified to be Rajya Sabha member Registered voter in any parliamentary constituency Ca...

Impeachment of Chief Election Commissioner The Election Commission of India is one of the most powerful constitutional bodies that ensures free and fair elections in the country. To protect its independence, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) enjoys special safeguards in terms of tenure and removal process. Constitutional Basis Article 324(5), Constitution of India: CEC can be removed “ in like manner and on like grounds as a Supreme Court Judge .” Purpose: To secure independence of the Election Commission from executive interference. Grounds for Removal Same as Supreme Court Judges under Article 124(4) : Proved misbehaviour or Incapacity Removal Procedure (Same as Supreme Court Judge) Motion introduced in either House of Parliament (needs support of at least 50 MPs to admit). Inquiry into charges by an inquiry/judicial committee. Voting in each House: Majority of total membersh...

Schedules of the Indian Constitution Mnemonic: TEARS OF OLD PM # Key Theme Mnemonic 1 Territories T 2 Emoluments E 3 Affirmations (Oaths) A 4 Rajya Sabha seats R 5 Scheduled Areas S 6 Other Tribal Areas O 7 Federal Structure (Lists) F 8 Official Languages O 9 Land Reforms L 10 Defection (Anti-defection law) D 11 Panchayats P 12 Municipalities M T → Territories (First Schedule) Contains: Names, boundaries, and territories of States & UTs. Current: 28 States + 8 UTs Articles: 1 to 4 E → Emoluments (Second Schedule) Contains: Salaries & privileges of President, Governors, Speakers & Dy. Speakers, Chairpersons & Dy. Chairpersons, Judges of SC & HCs, CAG. Articles: 59(3),75(4), 99, 124(...

Parts of the Indian Constitution — Mnemonic Parts of the Indian Constitution — Mnemonic U Can Fly Directly From US to UP to Meet Civil Servent Ram; Fruits Taste Sweet To Eat So Only Eat Maggi As Tasty Snack. Trick (word) Part Subject Articles U Part I The Union & its Territories 1 – 4 Can Part II Citizenship 5 – 11 Fly Part III Fundamental Rights 12 – 35 Directly Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) 36 – 51 From Part IV-A Fundamental Duties 51A U Part V The Union (President, Parliament, etc.) 52 – 151 S Part VI The States (Governor, State Legislature, etc.) 152 – 237 Part VII States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed) 238 U Part VIII The Union Territories 239 – 242 P Part IX The Panchayats 243 – 243O Meet Part IX-A The Municipal...

UPSC CAPF-AC 2025 Geography Questions Asked in the UPSC CAPF-AC 2025 Exam The following questions will not only help in the CAPF-AC exam but will also benefit future aspirants preparing for UPSC, CDS, State PCS, and other competitive exams. 1. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The time at 180° longitude is exactly 12 hours from the 0° longitude, irrespective of whether one travels westward or eastward from the Prime Meridian. 2. A person moving eastward on Tuesday will count the day as Wednesday once the International Date Line is crossed. Select the answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. Consider the following statements with reference to salt weathering: 1. Salts in rocks expand due to thermal action, hydration and crystallization. 2. Salts like calcium, sodium, magnesium and barium have a tendency to expand. 3. Salt weathering is a typical example of ch...

UPSC CAPF-AC 2025 History Questions Asked in the UPSC CAPF-AC 2025 Exam The following questions will not only help in the CAPF-AC exam but will also benefit future aspirants preparing for UPSC, CDS, State PCS, and other competitive exams. 1. Which one of the following ancient towns is known for the evidence of a ploughed field from its early Harappan levels, with two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting two different crops grown together? (a) Dholavira (b) Rakhigarhi (c) Kunal (d) Kalibangan 2. Krishnadevaraya, a king of Vijayanagara, composed a work on statecraft known as Amuktamalyada in (a) Telugu (b) Kannada (c) Tamil (d) Sanskrit 3. Who among the following travellers reported the use of seed drill on the Karnataka coast which is considered to be the earliest reference of the presence of the device in India? A) Duarte Barbosa B) Abdur Razzaq C) Afanasy Nik...