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Sources of the Constitution — Quick Revision Notes Study Indepth Study Indepth 2025-09-16 2025-09-16 The Indian Constitution is inspired by several world constitutions and historical documents. Its makers borrowed the best provisions suited to Indian needs. These quick notes summarise key sources like the Government of India Act 1935, British, U.S., Irish, Canadian, Australian, and other constitutions for UPSC and other exam revision. Government of India Act, 1935 Federal scheme Office of Governor Judiciary Emergency provisions Administrative details Public Service Commission British Constitution Parliamentary form of government Rule of law Legislative procedure Single citizenship Cabinet system Prerogative writs, Parliamentary privileg...

Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar Resigns – Simple Notes for Students Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar Resigns India’s Vice-President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned from his post on 21 July 2025 because of health reasons . His resignation was given to the President of India under Article 67(a) of the Constitution and was accepted on 22 July 2025 . Shri Dhankhar was the 14th Vice-President of India and served from 11 August 2022 to 21 July 2025. Earlier, he was the Governor of West Bengal (2019–2022) . He became only the third Vice-President in Indian history to resign before completing his term. The other two were: V.V. Giri (1969) – resigned to contest the Presidential election R. Venkataraman (1987) – resigned to contest the Presidential election Eligibility for Vice-President Must be Indian citizen At least 35 years old Qualified to be Rajya Sabha member Registered voter in any parliamentary constituency Ca...

Impeachment of Chief Election Commissioner The Election Commission of India is one of the most powerful constitutional bodies that ensures free and fair elections in the country. To protect its independence, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) enjoys special safeguards in terms of tenure and removal process. Constitutional Basis Article 324(5), Constitution of India: CEC can be removed “ in like manner and on like grounds as a Supreme Court Judge .” Purpose: To secure independence of the Election Commission from executive interference. Grounds for Removal Same as Supreme Court Judges under Article 124(4) : Proved misbehaviour or Incapacity Removal Procedure (Same as Supreme Court Judge) Motion introduced in either House of Parliament (needs support of at least 50 MPs to admit). Inquiry into charges by an inquiry/judicial committee. Voting in each House: Majority of total membersh...

Schedules of the Indian Constitution Mnemonic: TEARS OF OLD PM # Key Theme Mnemonic 1 Territories T 2 Emoluments E 3 Affirmations (Oaths) A 4 Rajya Sabha seats R 5 Scheduled Areas S 6 Other Tribal Areas O 7 Federal Structure (Lists) F 8 Official Languages O 9 Land Reforms L 10 Defection (Anti-defection law) D 11 Panchayats P 12 Municipalities M T → Territories (First Schedule) Contains: Names, boundaries, and territories of States & UTs. Current: 28 States + 8 UTs Articles: 1 to 4 E → Emoluments (Second Schedule) Contains: Salaries & privileges of President, Governors, Speakers & Dy. Speakers, Chairpersons & Dy. Chairpersons, Judges of SC & HCs, CAG. Articles: 59(3),75(4), 99, 124(...

Parts of the Indian Constitution — Mnemonic Parts of the Indian Constitution — Mnemonic U Can Fly Directly From US to UP to Meet Civil Servent Ram; Fruits Taste Sweet To Eat So Only Eat Maggi As Tasty Snack. Trick (word) Part Subject Articles U Part I The Union & its Territories 1 – 4 Can Part II Citizenship 5 – 11 Fly Part III Fundamental Rights 12 – 35 Directly Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) 36 – 51 From Part IV-A Fundamental Duties 51A U Part V The Union (President, Parliament, etc.) 52 – 151 S Part VI The States (Governor, State Legislature, etc.) 152 – 237 Part VII States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed) 238 U Part VIII The Union Territories 239 – 242 P Part IX The Panchayats 243 – 243O Meet Part IX-A The Municipal...

Vice-President of India – Elections, Powers, Facts | Super Easy Notes Vice-President of India Basic Article 63 : There shall be a Vice-President of India. 2nd highest office after the President. Based on the American system. Election Elected indirectly by MPs of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha (elected + nominated). States legislative assemblies are not involved. Voting : Proportional Representation, Single transferable vote, Secret Ballot. Disputes settled by the Supreme Court . 4 VPs elected unopposed so far. Qualifications Indian citizen . ...

The Governor THE GOVERNOR I. Basic Info Articles: 153 to 167 (Part VI) Head of State: Constitutional/Nominal head Agent of Centre First Woman Governor: Sarojini Naidu (UP, 1947–49) II. Appointment & Tenure Appointed by: President (Central Nominee) Not elected (directly or indirectly) Model: Canadian (from GOI Act 1935) 7th Amendment: One person – multiple states Resignation: To President Term: 5 years (no fixed security) Holds office till successor arrives III. Qualifications Indian Citizen 35+ years Convention: Outsider + CM consulted (not always followed) IV. Oath & Office Oath by: Chief Justice of HC (or senior-most judge) No MP/MLA/Other Office of Profit V. Privileges & Immunity Salary decided by Parliament (not reduced) No criminal case/arrest 2-month civil case notice (personal act) Full immun...

President of India - Complete Notes The President of India is the constitutional head of the state, symbol of unity and integrity, and performs crucial executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and emergency functions. The President of India (Articles 52 to 78 – Part V: Union Executive) I. Position and Role Head of the Indian State Nominal executive (real power lies with PM & CoM) First citizen of India Symbol of unity, integrity & solidarity Only Dr. Rajendra Prasad served two terms II. Election of the President(Article 54) Method: Indirect Election via Electoral College Proportional representation system Single transferable vote , secret ballot Electoral College Includes: Elected MPs of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Elected MLAs of State Legislative Assemblies Elected MLAs of Delhi & Puducherry Excludes: Nominated members of LS, RS, and SLA Members of Legislative Councils Nominated MLAs o...

India’s cultural identity is deeply rooted in its languages — not just spoken, but classical. These ancient tongues are time-tested vessels of history, literature, science, and spiritual knowledge. Recognizing their unparalleled significance, the Government of India has granted Classical Language status to 11 languages that have stood the test of time. What Are Classical Languages? According to the Ministry of Culture, a language is declared Classical when it meets four essential criteria: 1. High antiquity of its early texts (over 1500 years). 2. A rich and diverse ancient literature, unmatched by modern works. 3. An independent literary tradition, not borrowed from others. 4. A historical and cultural legacy that still influences society today. These languages aren’t just old — they’re immortal. " TaSTe KaMaO " = The first 6 languages " MBAP² " = The 5 languages added in 2024 Mnemonic: “TaSTe KaMaO MBAP²” Letter Language Year Dec...