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Minerals and Metals (2024–25) A. Metallic Minerals – Major Producing States Mineral Top Producing States Bauxite 1. Odisha – 74% 2. Gujarat – 9% 3. Jharkhand – 8% Chromite Odisha – 100% Copper 1. Madhya Pradesh – 69% 2. Rajasthan – 31% Primary Gold 1. Karnataka – 98% 2. Jharkhand – Remaining Iron Ore 1. Odisha – 55% 2. Karnataka – 16% 3. Chhattisgarh – 15% Lead & Zinc Rajasthan – 100% Manganese Ore 1. Maharashtra – 31% 2. Madhya Pradesh – 28% 3. Odisha – 17% Estimated Value (2024–25): ₹1,28,261 crore Growth: Increased by 0.13% over the previous year B. Non-Metallic Minerals – Major Producing States 1. Limestone Rajasthan – 23% Madhya Pradesh – 14% Andhra Pradesh – 13% Chhattisgarh – 11% Karnataka – 9% 2. Magnesite Tamil Nadu – 61% Uttarak...

Geography: Meaning, Nature, Branches & Importance 1. Why Study Geography? We live on Earth — our environment affects us. Explains interactions between natural resources, human activities, and technology. Builds spatial awareness of "where" and "why" things happen. Uses maps, GIS, and tools to interpret Earth. Supports national development and sustainable planning. 2. What is Geography? Geo = Earth, Graphos = Description (Greek origin). Study of natural (mountains, rivers) and cultural (villages, cities) features. Explores the relationship between physical and human environments. 3. Geography as a Study of Space Focuses on spatial variation — differences across Earth’s surface. Analyzes cause-effect of these differences. Example: Cropping patterns vary due to soil, climate, technology, economy. 4. Nature and Human Interaction Primitive societies directly depended on nature. Modern societies use technol...

Most Important Phrasal Verbs for SSC CGL & Other Competitive Exams Important Phrasal Verbs for SSC CGL Exam Here’s a complete list of phrasal verbs frequently asked in SSC CGL exams. Memorize these to enhance your command over English vocabulary and grammar: Ask for – Request something Back up – Support or provide evidence Break down – Stop functioning or fail Break into – Enter by force (e.g., robbery) Bring about – Cause something to happen Bring up – Raise a topic or issue Call off – Cancel something Carry on – Continue doing something Check in – Register upon arrival Check out – Examine or leave Come across – Find by chance Come down with – Become ill Come up with – Think of an idea or plan Cut down on – Reduce in quantity Drop by – Visit briefly Drop out – Quit or leave before completion Fall apart – Break into pieces or fail emotionally Get across – Make someone understand Get ahead...

Governors-General & Viceroys of India: Quick Revision for Competitive Exams Governors-General & Viceroys of India This post provides a comprehensive list of Governors-General and Viceroys of India from 1773 to 1947, ideal for last-minute revision for UPSC, CAPF, SSC, CDS , and other competitive exams. Governor-Generals of Bengal (1773–1833) 1. Warren Hastings (1773–1785) First Governor-General of Bengal Regulating Act of 1773 Pitt's India Act of 1784 Rohilla War (1774): Rohillas were Defeated by Suja-ud-Daula First Maratha War (1775–82), Treaty of Salbai (1782) Second Mysore War (1780–84), Treaty of Mangalore Supreme Court established at Calcutta 2. Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793) Third Mysore War, Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) Cornwallis Code (1793) Permanent Settlement (1793) Reformed police and civil services 3. Sir John Shore (1793–1798) Battle of Khar...

Major International Borders: Complete List, History & Significance Major International Borders 1. Durand Line Between: Pakistan and Afghanistan Established: 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand 2. McMahon Line Between: India and China Length: 1120 km Established: Drawn by Sir Henry McMahon at the Simla Convention, 1914; not accepted by China. 3. Radcliffe Line Between: India and Pakistan Established: 1947 by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, during the partition of ...

Vice-President of India – Elections, Powers, Facts | Super Easy Notes Vice-President of India Basic Article 63 : There shall be a Vice-President of India. 2nd highest office after the President. Based on the American system. Election Elected indirectly by MPs of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha (elected + nominated). States legislative assemblies are not involved. Voting : Proportional Representation, Single transferable vote, Secret Ballot. Disputes settled by the Supreme Court . 4 VPs elected unopposed so far. Qualifications Indian citizen . ...

The Governor THE GOVERNOR I. Basic Info Articles: 153 to 167 (Part VI) Head of State: Constitutional/Nominal head Agent of Centre First Woman Governor: Sarojini Naidu (UP, 1947–49) II. Appointment & Tenure Appointed by: President (Central Nominee) Not elected (directly or indirectly) Model: Canadian (from GOI Act 1935) 7th Amendment: One person – multiple states Resignation: To President Term: 5 years (no fixed security) Holds office till successor arrives III. Qualifications Indian Citizen 35+ years Convention: Outsider + CM consulted (not always followed) IV. Oath & Office Oath by: Chief Justice of HC (or senior-most judge) No MP/MLA/Other Office of Profit V. Privileges & Immunity Salary decided by Parliament (not reduced) No criminal case/arrest 2-month civil case notice (personal act) Full immun...

President of India - Complete Notes The President of India is the constitutional head of the state, symbol of unity and integrity, and performs crucial executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and emergency functions. The President of India (Articles 52 to 78 – Part V: Union Executive) I. Position and Role Head of the Indian State Nominal executive (real power lies with PM & CoM) First citizen of India Symbol of unity, integrity & solidarity Only Dr. Rajendra Prasad served two terms II. Election of the President(Article 54) Method: Indirect Election via Electoral College Proportional representation system Single transferable vote , secret ballot Electoral College Includes: Elected MPs of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Elected MLAs of State Legislative Assemblies Elected MLAs of Delhi & Puducherry Excludes: Nominated members of LS, RS, and SLA Members of Legislative Councils Nominated MLAs o...