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President of India: Military, Financial & Diplomatic Powers Explained for Competitive Exams

The President of India plays a crucial constitutional role as the head of the State. These notes explain the Military, Financial, and Diplomatic Powers of the President in a clear and structured manner, covering the command of the armed forces, financial authority, and international relations. This content is especially useful for competitive exam preparation

Military, financial, and diplomatic powers of the President of India

Military Powers

President of India is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces. Therefore, only the President can declare any war and peace with any country. Armed forces can conduct their military expedition (अभियान) or other relief, rescue, rehabilitation operations only with the approval of the President.

All the command headquarters of the Armed Forces, defence organisations, defence property and installations are under the control of the President.

In foreign countries, the President appoints a senior officer of the Armed Forces as Military representative of the Government of India, who is known as "Defence Attaché"

Note:

The rank of Marshal of the Indian Air Force (a five-star rank) was created in January 2002, with Arjan Singh becoming the first and only officer to be promoted to this rank on January 26, 2002.

Theatre Command:

Theatre Command is a military system in which the Army, Navy, and Air Force of country are brought under one single commander for a specific geographical area (theatre) or specific operation

Warrant of Precedence

Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)

The post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) was officially created in 2019 based on the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) of 2000, which was led by K. Subrahmanyam.

Role and Responsibility

  1. Head of the COSC (Chiefs of Staff Committee)
  2. Head of the DMA (Department of Military Affairs)

CDS is comprised of the chiefs of all the three forces, and in the meeting of Chiefs of Staff Committee CDS is the head. Along with this, a new Department of Military Affairs is created in the Defence Ministry, and therefore CDS is the Principal Military Advisor to the P.M. and Defence Minister who gives advice on all tri-service matters.

Hence, it is the duty of CDS to bring about jointness in operations, logistics, military transport, support services, military communication, repair and maintenance, purchases of arms and ammunition, and re-structuring of military command. He will give advice to all these matters to the Government of India.

Such commands where all three forces work together are known as Theatre Command.

The 1st Tri-Services Command was established in Andaman & Nicobar in October 2001. And so far it is the 1st and only theatre command in India. CDS is now given this responsibility that he will establish more theatre commands in India. So far in India there are 17 single commands in which—

  • 7 commands of Indian Army
  • 7 commands of Indian Air Force
  • 3 commands of Indian Navy

The President has the right to grant pardon in all military punishments and court-martial, And as to the President only officers of the Armed Forces are appointed known as ADC (Aide-de-Camp).

IPS officers and Paramilitary officers cannot be appointed as ADC of the President.

Note:

ADC of Governor can be IPS officers but in case of President, ADC will be (Army, Navy, Air Force) officers.

For the bravery and courage of the Armed Forces, the President gives them gallantry awards like: Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra etc.

Financial Powers

Being the highest executive of the Government of India, the President has many financial rights also.

Three funds of the Government of India are operated by the signature of the President.

  1. Consolidated Fund of India (Article 266) Parliamentary approval
  2. Public Accounts Fund (Article 266) Parliamentary approval
    (Citizens of India invest in various government schemes)
  3. Contingency Fund of India (Article 267)
    → Emergency fund for the nation → Without taking parliamentary approval

Constitutional Provisions

Under Article 280, the President constitutes the Finance Commission of India.

Under Article 148, Comptroller and Auditor General of India is appointed by the President.

Under Article 360, the President may declare Financial Emergency.

Diplomatic Powers

All international treaties and agreements of the Government of India are signed on behalf of the President.

If there is any property of the Government of India abroad then it is also in the name and ownership of the President.

The President appoints Ambassadors, High Commissioners and other senior officials in foreign countries.

All ambassadors of foreign countries who are appointed in India present their credentials and information before the President to seek his legal recognition.

The President may visit any foreign country for mutual cooperation and development or may invite any head of the state from foreign country.

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